Mitogenome phylogeny

The latest mitochondrial succession was a widely used molecular ong dogs thirty five . In the modern research, to advance clarify the latest phylogenetic interrelationships within Anatidae, concatenated nucleotide sequences from thirteen PCGs as well as 2 rRNA family genes had been extracted from 37 Anatidae aves, in regards to the five Aythya species, you to Netta varieties, you to Asarcornis species, you to definitely Mareca variety, eight Anas variety, about three Mergus variety, that Lophodytes varieties, around three Bucephala variety, you to Cairina varieties, that Aix varieties, a couple of Tadorna variety, five Cygnus species, you to definitely Branta types, five Anser variety, plus one Dendrocygna species.

Both in the newest Bayesian inference (BI) and you can restrict chances (ML) analyses, the fresh new phylogenetic trees had almost identical topologies (Fig. seven, Secondary Figs. step 1 and you can 2). Both woods in the a couple of analyses was in fact supported by good statistical thinking. Typically, the newest genera Aythya, Netta, Asarcornis, Anas, Mareca, Mergus, Lophodytes, Bucephala, Cairina, Tadorna, and you can Aix clustered from inside the subfamily Anatinae, whereas new subfamily Anserinae got a sibling relationship with Anatinae, and additionally Cygnus, Branta, and you will Anser. Dendrocygna javanica, whoever vertical position, elongated shoulder and you can foot, and you may obvious perching-forest habit distinguish they regarding most other Anseriformes varieties, diverged prior to on the main descent and you may represents a sis clade in order to Anatinae-Anserinae 36 . Our very own topology is actually highly consistent with the outcome of education oriented for the research regarding concatenated mitochondrial nucleotide sequences out of ND2 and you can Cytb genes, also which have morphological research 36,37,38 .

Unit phylogenetic research from 37 Anatidae varieties created because of the MrBayes and you may IQ forest. Wide variety next to the nodes show rear likelihood (left) and you may bootstrap opinions (right).

Within this Anserinae, types of the fresh genus Anser are linked to Branta canadensis closely. This might be in line with prior morphology-dependent analyses 39 . The trouble is more advanced to your huge subfamily Anatinae. In this subfamily, i located four consistent clades: Aythyini (Aythya + Netta + Asarcornis), Anatini (Anas + Mareca), Mergini (Mergus + Lophodytes + Bucephala), and you can Cairinini (Cairina + Aix + Tadorna). Cairinini try the fresh cousin group of another Anatinae tribes, which had been strongly supported by the results of introduce study. Throughout the Anatinae people, Anatini and you may Aythyini possess nearer phylogenetic relationships, and they results are supported by morphological education and you may phylogenetic investigation considering a couple of PCGs 37,38 . During the genus Aythya, An effective. americana and A beneficial. ferina was in fact clustered including better-supported values. At the same time, Good. fuligula and the clade (A beneficial. americana + A great. ferina) formed a premier-supported worthy of part. Our very own target variety, A. baeri, plus the clade (A. fuligula + (A good. americana + A beneficial. ferina)) was in fact clustered on you to definitely part, indicating brand new four varieties setting a beneficial monophyletic class.

Findings

The present day studies given the newest mitogenome regarding A beneficial. baeri (16,623 bp, accession matter MT129533). Which rounded mtDNA integrated 13 PCGs, one or two rRNAs, twenty-two tRNAs, and another CR. Thanks to assessment, it had been learned that the fresh new genome regarding An effective. baeri presented characteristic succession structures and is quite just like those regarding Aythya aves. One of many PCGs, ND3 met with the very polymorphism and you can higher hereditary point. The phylogenetic data according to joint mitochondrial gene lay (thirteen PCGs and two rRNAs) from 37 Anatidae varieties playing with BI and ML formulas showed that An excellent. baeri was closely pertaining to A good. fuligula, A great. americana, and you will A beneficial. ferina. In fact, i deduced why these variety have been monophyletic. Moreover, all genera which multiple kinds was basically learned was basically and discovered to be monophyletic except for Anas, as one included Mareca. Today’s analysis brings an essential resource on preservation of new analyzed significantly endangered varieties in addition to rewarding guidance to own after that phylogenetic and you can evolutionary look into family unit members Anatidae.